Breeding Management of Cattle and Buffaloes

Reproduction plays a significant role in the economics of growing cattle. Only regular breeding and timely calving will result in successful cattle farming, but you must ensure proper care of them like your family. Timely breeding is only possible by increasing animal reproductive productivity.

Successful reproduction includes:

• The capacity to mate.
• The ability to conceive.
• The power to feed the embryo.
• The capability to give birth to viable children at the end of a typical gestation period.

A break in this series of events causes the buffalo in Haryana to fail to conceive, the embryo to die, or the fetus to be born too early.  

The non-genetic elements include environment, diet, and degree of management. Reproductive efficiency is a complicated phenomenon influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Not only does reproductive efficiency differ between species and breeds, but also amongst animals of the same breed. Even the best nutrition and management cannot push an inferior animal’s performance above its genetic limit. At all levels of control, it is crucial to increase the genetic value of cattle populations. The entire system of animal production must include a strong breeding program.

What Are The Factors That Influences Breeding Efficiency?

Number of Ova:

The first factor limiting an animal’s ability to reproduce is the quantity of available ova delivered during each ovulation cycle. The process of ovulation involves the ovum being shed from the Graffian follicle. A single ovum can typically only be fertilized for 5 to 10 hours in the case of cows. For efficient fertilization, it is crucial to consider the timing of mating insemination about ovulation.

The Proportion of Fertilization:

The second restriction is ova fertilization. There are many reasons why ovulation cannot occur. There could be short or weak spermatozoa. Because of this, the sperm and egg may not meet at the proper time to result in fertilization. This can happen if the service is either too early or too late.

Death of An Embryo:

Embryonic mortality can occur for several reasons, from fertilization to birth. A hormone deficiency or imbalance may prevent fertilized eggs from implanting correctly, leading to death. Lethal genes for which the embryos are homozygous may cause death. Other potential causes include developmental accidents, uterine overcrowding, inadequate nourishment, or uterine infections. 

Age of First Pregnancy

Increasing the age of the initial breeding can significantly reduce breeding effectiveness. Early breeding of females may cause them to seem stunted during the first lactation, but it has little effect on their mature size.

Pregnancy frequency

By shortening the time between successive pregnancies, breeding efficiency can be significantly increased. The best general practice is to mate for the first time at a young age and to mate again as soon as possible after each pregnancy. The lifespan efficiency is improved in this method. Haryana Murrah buffaloes can breed again 9 to 12 weeks after giving birth. But make sure you properly take care of the calves and mother. You should always provide some milk to her calf, irrespective of their gender. 

Management Techniques to Boost Breeding Effectiveness

The list below includes some management recommendations to help cattle breed more effectively.

Keep precise breeding records, including conception, service, and delivery dates. Utilize historical data to forecast heat cycles and closely monitor the females to spot heat.

• Buffalo in Haryana should be bred around the closing of the central heat or heat period.
• Have a veterinarian check and treat any females who are releasing unusual discharges.
• If a female remains unsettled after three services, call a veterinarian.
• Have the females examined for pregnancy 45 to 60 days after breeding
• Only purchase replacements from healthy herds, and test them first before adding them to your herd.
• Have the females give birth alone, ideally in a sterile parturition room

Heat detection in buffaloes

• When they are about to get in heat, cows will mount over other cows, and when they are in good heat, they will stand for mounting. In Haryana Murrah buffaloes, this symptom is not commonly seen. Buffaloes do not climb on other buffaloes or allow other buffaloes to mount on them while they are in heat. Instead, their abundant ropy hanging discharge is abruptly discarded and is scarce. Some buffaloes, particularly high-yielding buffaloes, do not bellow and exhibit silent heat.
• The vulva becomes edematous and swollen, which are the predominant heat signs in buffaloes. The vulva appears oily in the lower half. A little opening and gap between the vulvar lips are visible. In a buffalo in oestrus, the wrinkles become shallow.
• The vulva’s mucous membrane turns crimson, wet, and glossy.
• Occasionally, mucus secretion that is not often seen can be observed before or after oestrus.
• The correct oestrus can be identified by the mucus’ color, consistency, and fern pattern.
• When breastfeeding buffaloes are in heat, their teats enlarge because the milk retains after their blood estrogen levels have grown.

Conclusion

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